谐振器设计方法
以下是超声谐振器的一般设计方法。具体细节取决于应用场合。
- 确定设计目标
- 健康问题
- 主谐振模态与标称工作频率(可能受健康问题影响)
- 频率间隔(主谐振与相邻谐振之间)。
- 增益
- 输出振幅
- 输出振幅均匀性
- 最大横向振幅(占输出振幅的百分比)
- 最大换能器波节角(可能与横向振幅相关)
- 各谐振器的寿命
- 超声循环次数(可能为无限次)
- 其他(磨损、空化冲蚀、陶瓷发热、陶瓷开裂、陶瓷移位、连接)
- 各部件的最大疲劳应力
- 最大损耗(可能与波节角相关)
- 确定设计限制条件
- 静载荷
- 尺寸(如扳手平面、螺柱参数、外壳干涉)
- 加工方法
- 根据以下因素选择材料 —
- 生物相容性
- 疲劳强度
- 损耗
- 磨损(包括空化冲蚀)
- 可加工性
- 传热性能
- 可获得性
- 成本
- 决定设计手段(经验法——如试错法、解析法(FEA,有限元分析),或两者结合)。
- 对于解析设计 —
- 确定材料属性(杨氏模量、密度、泊松比、持久强度)。
- 决定模型类型(轴对称、1/2 三维、全三维)。
- 建立模型。
- 根据需要简化特征,以减少网格划分问题和分析时间。
- 赋予材料属性。
- 对于 FEA —
- 指定网格尺寸(全局、逐部件、局部加密)。
- 施加边界条件。
- 运行分析。
- 记录结果。
- 检查各相关性能参数的结果是否收敛。
- 某些性能参数的结果可能远远超出其关注范围,此时该性能参数的 收敛性可以忽略。这类参数可能包括相邻谐振和应力。
- 应力收敛可能需要在应力集中处进行局部网格加密。这一般在 其他性能目标达成之后进行,以尽量减少建模和 运行时间。
- 结果收敛后,与目标进行对比。目标应按以下顺序达成 —
- 主谐振频率
- 频率间隔(主频率与相邻频率之间)。可能取决于相邻频率的 模态。考虑某些模态是否不重要,因为它们可能无法 被激励(如扭转模态),或可能源于简化的几何形状 (如端盖的扁圆模态,而端盖被近似为圆柱体)。
- 增益
- 横向振幅(占轴向振幅的百分比)
- 换能器波节角
- 各部件的应力
- 超声应力
- 超声应力 + 静应力(若施加静载荷)
- 若某目标未达成 —
- 查明原因。
- 为该目标确定可能的解决方案,同时考虑对其他目标的可能 影响。(插值/外推,可能借助绘图,会有所帮助。)
- 迭代直至所有目标达成。若某些目标无法达成,则调整这些 目标或忽略这些目标(即为了实现更高优先级的目标, 某些目标可能必须被调整或牺牲)。
- 若非全三维分析,若受限模型所抑制的模态可能造成问题, 应考虑定期提升模型维度。
- 若为轴对称模型,考虑 1/2 三维或全三维。
- 若为 1/2 三维,考虑全三维。
-
加工样机。
- 预留调谐用的多余材料。
- 必要时进行热处理。
- 调谐至所需频率。
- 实验室测试。将结果与规格和预测性能进行对比。必要时 重新设计。
- 若预测应力较高,进行寿命测试。必要时重新设计。
- 现场测试。必要时重新设计。
Resonator design method
The following is the general method for designing ultrasonic resonators. The particulars will depend on the application.
- Specify design goals
- Health issues
- Primary resonant mode and nominal operating frequency (may be affected by health issues)
- Frequency separation (between primary resonance and adjacent resonances).
- Gain
- Output amplitude
- Output amplitude uniformity
- Maximum transverse amplitude (as % of output amplitude)
- Maximum transducer node angle (may be related to the transverse amplitude)
- Life of each resonator
- Number of ultrasonic cycles (may be infinite)
- Other (wear, cavitation erosion, ceramic heating, ceramic cracking, ceramic shifting, joints)
- Maximum fatigue stress for each component
- Maximum loss (may be related to the node angle)
- Specify design restrictions
- Static loads
- Dimensional (e.g., wrench flats, stud parameters, housing interference)
- Machining methods
- Specify materials based on —
- Biological compatibility
- Fatigue strength
- Loss
- Wear (including cavitation erosion)
- Machinability
- Heat transfer
- Availability
- Cost
- Decide design technique (empirical - e.g., trial-and-error, analytical (FEA), or combination).
- For analytical design —
- Specify material properties (Young's modulus, density, Poisson's ratio, endurance strength).
- Decide model type (axisymmetric, 1/2 3D, full 3D).
- Build the model.
- Defeature as needed to reduce meshing problems and analysis time.
- Apply materials.
- For FEA -
- Specify a mesh size (global, for each part, locally refined).
- Apply boundary conditions.
- Run the analysis.
- Record the results.
- See if the results have converged for each relevant performance parameter.
- The results for some performance parameters may be far outside their window of interest in which case convergence for that performance parameter can be ignored. These might include adjacent resonances and stresses.
- Stress convergence may require localized mesh refinements at stress concentrations. This will generally be done after other performance goals have been achieved in order to minimize modeling and run times.
- When the results have converged, compare to goals. The goals should be achieved in the following order —
- Primary resonant frequency
- Frequency separation (between primary frequency and adjacent frequencies). May depend on mode of adjacent frequencies. Consider if certain modes are not significant because they probably can't be excited (e.g., torsional) or may result from simplified geometry (e.g., oblate mode of end cap where the end cap has been approximated as a cylinder).
- Gain
- Transverse amplitude (as % of axial amplitude)
- Transducer node angle
- Stress for each component
- Ultrasonic stress
- Ultrasonic stress + static stress (if static load is applied)
- If a goal has not been achieved —
- Determine the cause.
- Determine a likely solution for that goal, considering the likely effects on other goals. (Interpolation/extrapolation, possibly by graphing, may be helpful.)
- Iterate until all goals have been achieved. If particular goals can't be achieved then adjust these goals or ignore these goals (i.e., some goals may have to be adjusted or sacrificed in order to achieve higher priority goals).
- If not analyzing full 3D, consider periodically increasing the model state if modes that have been suppressed by the limited model might cause a problem.
- If axisymmetric, consider 1/2 3D or full 3D.
- If 1/2 3D, consider full 3D.
-
Machine a prototype.
- Allow extra material for tuning.
- Heat treat if necessary.
- Tune to desired frequency.
- Laboratory test. Compare results to specifications and predicted performance. Redesign if needed.
- Life test if predicted stresses are high. Redesign if needed.
- Field test. Redesign if needed.