电容率 ε
对于电介质材料,由电场(volt/m)所产生的面电荷密度(Coulomb/m2)。
\begin{align} \label{eq:10900a} \textsf{Units} &= \frac{\textsf{Coulomb/m}^2}{\textsf{volt/m}} \nonumber \\[0.7em]%eqn_interline_spacing &= \frac{\textsf{Coulomb/volt}}{\textsf{m}} \nonumber \\[0.7em]%eqn_interline_spacing &= \frac{\textsf{Farad}}{\textsf{m}} \nonumber \end{align}
以自由空间的电容率(\( \varepsilon_o \) = 8.85419 × 10−12 F/m)作为参考。
对于压电材料,电容率(以及介电常数)取决于应变状态。存在两种不同的电容率 —— 压电体完全不受约束时的电容率(即自由电容率 \( \varepsilon^T \)),以及压电体完全受约束时的电容率(即夹持(阻塞)或恒定应变电容率 \( \varepsilon^S \))。这两种电容率通过机电耦合系数 к 相关联(Waanders,公式 A15,第 84 页):
\begin{align} \label{eq:10901a} \varepsilon^S = \varepsilon^T \left( 1 - \kappa^2 \right) \end{align}
由于 \( \kappa \) 始终介于 0 和 1 之间,所以 \( \varepsilon^S \) ≤ \( \varepsilon^T \)。在换能器中,压电陶瓷既非真正被夹持,也非真正自由。因此,电容率将取 \( \varepsilon^S \) 与 \( \varepsilon^T \) 之间的中间值。
同样,介电常数的值将介于无约束时的 \( K^S \) 与阻塞时的 \( K^T \) 之间。"就压电晶体所谓的"真"介电常数而言,应当采用恒定应变下的值 [\( K^S \)]。"(Cady (1),第 161 页)
注:
- 电容率可能取决于电场强度、激励频率、温度以及其他因素。
- 通过物理上约束压电陶瓷,实际上无法达到恒定应变状态。但是,可以通过在非常高的频率下激励来实现该状态,此时惯性效应大到使陶瓷实际上无法振动(即不存在应变)。(参见 Cady (1),第 328、572 页。)同样的情况也出现在单自由度弹簧-质量系统中:当激励频率远高于其谐振频率时,质量块不会离开其静止位置。
参见介电常数。
Permittivity ε
For a dielectric material, the areal charge density (Coulomb/m2) that is generated by an electric field (volt/m).
\begin{align} \label{eq:10900a} \textsf{Units} &= \frac{\textsf{Coulomb/m}^2}{\textsf{volt/m}} \nonumber \\[0.7em]%eqn_interline_spacing &= \frac{\textsf{Coulomb/volt}}{\textsf{m}} \nonumber \\[0.7em]%eqn_interline_spacing &= \frac{\textsf{Farad}}{\textsf{m}} \nonumber \end{align}
The permittivity of free space (\( \varepsilon_o \) = 8.85419 × 10−12 F/m) is used as a reference.
For a piezoelectric material, the permittivity (and dielectric constant) depends on the state of strain. Two distinct permittivities are possible — the permittivity when the piezoelectric is completely unconstrained (i.e., the free permittivity \( \varepsilon^T \) and the permittivity when the piezoelectric is completely constrained (i.e., the clamped (blocked) or constant-strain permittivity \( \varepsilon^S \)). These two permittivities are related by the electromechanical coupling coefficient к (Waanders, equation A15, p. 84):
\begin{align} \label{eq:10901a} \varepsilon^S = \varepsilon^T \left( 1 - \kappa^2 \right) \end{align}
Since \( \kappa \) is always between 0 and 1, \( \varepsilon^S \) ≤ \( \varepsilon^T \). In a transducer the piezoelectric ceramic is neither truly clamped nor truly free. Therefore, the permittivity will have an intermediate value between \( \varepsilon^S \) and \( \varepsilon^T \).
Similarly, the dielectric constant will have a value between unconstrained \( K^S \) and blocked \( K^T \). "So far as one can speak of the "true" dielectric constant of the piezoelectric crystal, the value at constant strain [\( K^S \)] is the proper one to use." (Cady (1), p. 161)
Notes:
- The premittivity may depend on the electric field strength, the exciting frequency, the temperature, and other factors.
- A state of constant strain cannot be practically achieved by physically restraining the piezoelectric ceramic. However, it can be achieved by exciting at a very high frequency where the inertial effects become so large that the ceramic effectively cannot vibrate (i.e., there are no strains). (See Cady (1), pp. 328, 572.) The same situation occurs when a single degreeoffreedom spring-mass system is excited at a frequency that is very high compared to its resonant frequency — the mass will not move from its rest position.
See dielectric constant.